Blog On Ice
If you’ve found your way here, welcome and farewell. I haven’t been able to keep up the blog and I am sorry to say that I don’t see that changing. Better to admit it than to slink off to an ignominious death by default. Thanks very much for reading.
Dear Mr. Chief Justice
Everyone’s buzzing about the scolding you gave Congress in your year-end report on the federal judiciary for playing politics with judicial nominations. In particular, they’re quoting this sentence: “Each political party has found it easy to turn on a dime from decrying to defending the blocking of judicial nominations, depending on their changing political fortunes.” It is a good line a memorable line — all right, it’s a clunker, but you’re spot on about the partisan gamesmanship that is fast becoming the salient feature of our democracy. So good for you. But I was actually hoping to speak to you about a different part of your report.
Respectfully, sir, what’s up with that introduction?
In 1935—in the midst of the Great Depression—many Americans sought respite from the Nation’s economic troubles at their local movie theaters, which debuted now-classic films, such as Mutiny on the Bounty, Top Hat, and Night at the Opera. Moviegoers of that era enjoyed a prelude of short features as they settled into their seats. As the lights dimmed, the screen beamed previews of coming attractions, Merrie Melody cartoons, and the Movietone newsreels of current events. The 1935 news shorts also provided many Americans with their first look at the Supreme Court’s new building, which opened that year.
Verisimilitude is well and good, but telling us the names of three movies, a cartoon and the newsreel producer isn’t color; it’s a slab of white frosting. And: The lights dim, the screen beams? Oh dear. I would have preferred this to come from someone else — you haven’t eliminated law clerks from the budget, have you? — but your prologue sucks is not very good. It is not simply the overwriting (though the overwriting is surprising. Whatever happened to narrowness?). The main problem is that it’s just silly. Asking us to imagine the new court building glowing in the reflected romance of Astaire and Rogers is silly. Summoning the zeitgeist of a more artless time . . . not silly per se, but silly when you do it (plus, that 1935 court was filled with flinty connivers who were intent on dismantling the New Deal). I could say more but I expect that Justice Scalia has already circulated a parody of your paragraph. It feels unkind to go on.
I hope that these comments will not discourage you (altogether) from further efforts at creative exposition. For instance, although it was goofy, I kind of like what you did with your dissent from the denial of cert in Pennsylvania v. Dunlap.
North Philly, May 4, 2001. Officer Sean Devlin, Narcotics Strike Force, was working the morning shift. Undercover surveillance. The neighborhood? Tough as a three dollar steak. Devlin knew. Five years on the beat, nine months with the Strike Force. He’d made fifteen, twenty drug busts in the neighborhood.
Devlin spotted him: a lone man on the corner. Another approached. Quick exchange of words. Cash handed over; small objects handed back. Each man then quickly on his own way. Devlin knew the guy wasn’t buying bus tokens. He radioed a description and Officer Stein picked up the buyer. Sure enough: three bags of crack in the guy’s pocket. Head downtown and book him. Just another day at the office.
If I may say, the whole Dashiell Hammett macho-minimalista thing really suits you. Perhaps more efforts along that line in future.
Petitions for Review Granted December 16, 2010
Once again, there were no criminal opinions the week of December 16th but the court did make some eye-catching grants of discretionary review.
Good Cop, Bad Cop
With its sexy first amendment issue and bluestocking amici, State v. Crawley has destined-for-the-United-States-Supreme-Court written all over it. Crawley involved a first amendment challenge to Minn. Stat. § 609.505, subd. 2, which makes it a crime to falsely report police misconduct if the reporter knows the information is bogus. A court of appeals panel divided over Crawley. The majority, consisting of opinion author Judge Minge and soon-to-be-promoted Judge Johnson, found that the statute violated the First Amendment’s prohibition on viewpoint discrimination. The problem, said the majority, was that the statute criminalizes the speech of the person who lies and says the police have behaved badly when she knows they’ve behaved well, but it tolerates the speech of the person who lies and says the police have behaved well when she knows they’ve behaved badly. Dissenting Judge Harten balked at the notion that a “complimentary lie” about police officers is the reciprocal of an uncomplimentary lie. Frivolous complaints of police misconduct, he argued, trigger mandatory and costly investigations, siphoning law enforcement resources away from crime prevention. He concluded that there was governmental interest aplenty to justify the regulation.
An issue that is likely to be re-visited: The government may only regulate certain kinds of speech. What kind of speech is at issue in Crawley? The majority held that it is “expressive action” in the form of “the intentional lie.” Judge Harten worried that this formulation “expands the state’s ability to criminalize speech” (though, ironically, it was Judge Harten who would have upheld the criminalization of speech in § 609.505, while the majority voted to strike it down). Judge Harten argued that § 609.505′s proscription on speech was more coherently understood as a species of defamation. Both majority and dissent agreed that SCOTUS’s R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, the cross-burning case, was the pivotal precedent.
Form Over Substance?
Speaking of sexy, how about a restitution issue? Later this term, the court will take up the court of appeals’ unpublished decision in State v. Bell. Convicted of burglary and a felony assault occurring inside the victim’s home, Cory Bell was ordered to pay for the security system that the victim installed following the crime. Bell’s counsel apparently cried foul at sentencing when the state asked to have the cost of the security system assessed against Bell, but omitted thereafter to file an affidavit per the restitution statute, which prescribes a deadline of 30 days. The court of appeals declined to entertain Bell’s restitution challenge on appeal, holding that it was procedurally barred. The issue is whether a defendant should be required to file a restitution affidavit in a case in which he challenges a restitution order on legal rather than factual grounds. Bell was not quibbling about the price of the security system; his argument (which did not get reached) was that the levy was outside the statutory definition. Parties submit affidavits in legal proceedings in order to contest facts, not to make legal arguments. The Supreme Court may also consider the real world conditions in which restitution claims arise: the restitution statute says a defendant’s affidavit should be served 5 days before sentencing but frequently the defense has not even received notice of the restitution request by then. Moreover, the vast majority of restitution defenses are handled by public defenders, who carry hundreds of open cases. In these days of chronic shortage and dangerous overwork, who can possibly comply with a regime of austere deadlines?
Form Over Substance Redux?
State v. Campbell raises the same issue as another case which the court elected to review earlier this year, State v. Kuhlmann. The oral arguments in Kuhlmann took place on December 7th. Campbell was convicted of gross misdemeanor violation of a domestic abuse no contact order; Kuhlmann was convicted of felony domestic assault and 2° DWI. Each was convicted of offenses that were made more serious by the existence of a prior record. Both Campbell and Kuhlmann stipulated that they possessed the predicate convictions, but neither man was informed of nor waived his right to have a jury determine the aggravated element of his present offense. In both court of appeals cases, the omissions were deemed to be erroneous but innocuous. Given that the Supreme Court has now granted review in two such cases, it looks as if the high court may view the failure to obtain an explicit waiver on an element of the offense with greater asperity than did the court of appeals.
WIKILEAKS: THE MINNESOTA SUPREME COURT EDITION
Date 2010-12-03 17:21:00
Source Lat. 44.9535296 Long. -93.1011354 [Justice Center, St. Paul, MN, US, NA]
Classification SECRET//NOFORN
S E C R E T SECTION 01 OF 02 ST. PAUL 000771
SUBJECT: CRUNCHING THE NUMBERS, MINNESOTA’S HIGH COURT
1. (S/NF) Introduction: For background, the end-user is referred to the March 2010 preliminary intelligence report (PIR). That document described deepening ideological divisions on the MSC. Reconnaissance continued following issuance of the PIR and was maintained until the end of the Magnuson regime. The data culled therefrom permits us to speak more conclusively about trends and factions within the MSC during the final year of CJ Magnuson’s (“Sparrow’s”) rule. End Introduction.
2. (S/NF) Unanimity. The forty-seven criminal cases decided by the MSC during the 2009–10 term are cataloged in Classified Appendix A. In twenty-seven of the forty-seven cases, or 57.4%, the justices all joined a single opinion, the test of genuine unanimity. A different measure of unanimity encompasses the concurrence cases, in which the justices agreed about the result but not about the rationale that got them there. By this measure, the justices were unanimous in thirty-two of the forty-seven, or 68%, of the cases.
An enterprising agency statistician suggested that the data would be more revealing if we separated the first-degree murder direct review cases from the court of appeals discretionary review cases. As the end-user well knows, the direct review category includes a goodly number of cases in which the facts are so calamitous that any legal irregularities are borne away in a cascade of harmless error analysis. Given this phenomenon — we are tentatively calling it the “hard cases make bad law effect” — one would expect the direct review cases to be more susceptible to consensus than the discretionary review cases. In nineteen out of twenty-nine direct review cases, or 65.5%, the justices were genuinely unanimous. They were nominally unanimous (i.e., adding in the concurrence cases) twenty-one out of twenty-nine times, for a rate of 73.4%. The comparable numbers for the discretionary review cases are 44% and 61%, respectively. The number that stands out is the 44% rate of genuine unanimity in the discretionary review cases. End unanimity.
3. (S/NF) Frequency. The following chart tracks each justice’s frequency in the majority for all criminal cases, unanimous and split, direct and discretionary. Chief Justice Magnuson and Justices G. Barry Anderson, Gildea and Dietzen voted with the majority (and with each other) more than 95% of the time. Justice Paul Anderson dissented at the highest rate.
Frequency in the majority, all cases
| Justice | Majority votes | Total Votes | % in majority |
| C. J. Magnuson | 47 | 47 | 100% |
| J. Page | 36 | 46 | 78.3% |
| J. P. Anderson | 36 | 47 | 76.5% |
| J. Meyer | 40 | 47 | 85.1% |
| J. G. B. Anderson | 46 | 47 | 97.8% |
| J. Gildea | 45 | 47 | 95.7% |
| J. Dietzen | 44 | 46 | 95.6% |
The next chart tracks frequency in the majority in the split vote cases, i.e., the cases in which there was at least one dissent. When they could not agree, the justices disagreed with remarkable consistency. There was a distinctive 4-2 split on the court, with Chief Justice Magnuson and Justices Dietzen, Gildea, and G. Barry Anderson on one side and Justices Page and Paul Anderson on the other. There was a less pronounced but still regular 4-3 split when Justice Meyer joined the minority voters. Beleaguered Justices Page and Paul Anderson found themselves holding the short end of the stick with dreary regularity.
Frequency in the majority, split vote cases
| Justice | Majority votes | Total votes | % in majority |
| C. J. Magnuson | 15 | 15 | 100% |
| J. Page | 4 | 14 | 28.5% |
| J. P. Anderson | 4 | 15 | 26.6% |
| J. Meyer | 8 | 15 | 53.3% |
| J. B. Anderson | 14 | 15 | 93.3% |
| J. Gildea | 13 | 15 | 86.6% |
| J. Dietzen | 13 | 15 | 86.6% |
End frequency.
DISPATCHES FROM THE NEW REGIME
4. (S/NF) Dispatches. It is early days yet in the administration of Chief Justice Gildea (cryptographers still trying to decide between code names “Allegheny” and “Gerbil”). A listing of the court’s criminal cases to-date appears in Classified Appendix B. Sparrow has alighted elsewhere and Justice Stras remains on the sidelines, so we are looking, for the time being, at a complement of six. The most interesting development of the young term is Justice G. Barry Anderson’s apparent defection from the the conservative fold. So far Chief Justice Gildea and Justice Dietzen have joined forces in concurrence or dissent on five occasions (the CJ ventured out alone in dissent one other time); Justice G. Barry Anderson has sided with the majority in every instance. It is a subject that occasions much conjecture and theorizing on the streets of this city but, pending firmer intel, we will refrain from repeating gratuitous speculation in a diplomatic missive.
A disquieting silence has descended over the MSC of late. Production has been scant. This apparent lull might be the prelude to a burst of prolificacy. Or it may simply mean that the justices of the MSC are engrossed by the gubernatorial re-count. In any event, we shall remain at our post and report back as seems appropriate.
/destination
VZCZCXR07114
Jefferson, Adams and Franklin write the #Declaration on @Twitter
From Mashable. Perfect.
Et tu, MN SCT?
In an absorbing column in last week’s New York Times, Adam Liptak argues (sorry, link broken) that today’s SCOTUS is
wordier . . .
“The Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. is often criticized for issuing sweeping and politically polarized decisions. But there is an emerging parallel critique as well, this one concerned with the quality of the court’s judicial craftsmanship.
In decisions on questions great and small, the court often provides only limited or ambiguous guidance to lower courts.
And it increasingly does so at enormous length.”
fuzzier . . .
“Critics of the court’s work are not primarily focused on the quality of the justices’ writing, though it is often flabby and flat. Instead, they point to reasoning that fails to provide clear guidance to lower courts, sometimes seemingly driven by a desire for unanimity that can lead to fuzzy, unwieldy rulings.”
in spite of the aforementioned, arguably less unanimous . . .
“One measure of whether unanimity is authentic is the number of separate opinions in nominally unanimous decisions. This last term set a record for such opinions, known as concurrences, in which justices join or vote with the majority but also issue their own opinions to express qualms about some aspect of the majority’s approach.”
and more ghost-written . . .
“These days, the writing emanating from the court can be bureaucratic and unmemorable.
‘They just don’t make great movie lines the way they used to,’ said Fred R. Shapiro, an associate librarian at Yale Law School and the editor of The Oxford Dictionary of American Legal Quotations. ‘They also don’t make great Supreme Court passages the way they used to.’
With the declining docket, justices have more time to hone their writing. But the available evidence suggests they rely on their clerks to produce first drafts, which the justices then edit.
‘Although today’s Supreme Court opinions are no more poorly written on average than opinions from the era in which the justices wrote their own opinions, there is nonetheless a loss when opinions are ghostwritten,’ Judge Richard A. Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit wrote in The New Republic in 2006. ‘Most of the law clerks are very bright, but they are inexperienced; and judges fool themselves when they think that by careful editing they can make a judicial opinion their own.’ “
than its predecessors. The shoe appears to fit the present-day Minnesota Supreme Court as well — we can debate about how closely — where verbosity is growing apace, but clarity and elegance seem to be on the wane.
RECENT OPINION: State v. Morales, September 23, 2010
State v. Morales has me thinking about the old Gore Vidal quote about shaking a hand that shook a hand that shook the hand of Lincoln. Like Vidal, Morales can trace its nexus to the ineffable. In Morales’s case, there are two proverbial Lincolns: Learned Hand, who in 1959 authored United States v. Maloney, in which 5 individuals conspired to “pretend falsely” that one of them was an FBI agent in order to blackmail a physician who had performed an abortion; and a trifling matter entitled United States v. Alger Hiss. Maloney and Hiss figure prominently in the Minnesota Supreme Court’s 1964 State v. Mitchell, which can only be described as Morales’s daddy. Pretty storied lineage for a case about the murder of a pimp’s assistant at a desultory Cedar Avenue whorehouse.
Murder of the Pimp’s Assistant
Victor Mesa-Ortiz’s job en la casa de la prostitución was to collect money from the patrons and pay the prostitutes. He was working one evening when Felipe Vega-Lara, Tarun Solorzano-O’Brien (who was not charged) and a man wearing a brown hat with a brim, whom no one save Vega-Lara could identify, came in. Various individuals wandered in and out of the living room while the men were present, but the only eyewitnesses to Mesa-Ortiz’s murder were Vega-Lara and the brown-brimmed hat man. Vega-Lara’s and Morales’s trials were severed; Vega-Lara was tried first. He testified at his own trial that he and Morales intended to rob the brothel and that both carried loaded guns into the house that evening. Vega-Lara went into a bedroom to have sex (a multitasker, apparently). He testified that when he returned to the living room, he saw Mesa-Ortiz and Morales (in his hat) struggling over Morales’s gun. Confronted with this dark tableau, Vega-Lara pulled out his gun and shot Mesa-Ortiz. He was convicted of unintentional second-degree felony murder.
Morales’s trial took place while Vega-Lara’s appeal was pending. The state filed a motion to compel Vega-Lara’s testimony under a grant of use immunity pursuant to Minn. Stat.§ 609.09. Vega-Lara resisted, arguing that he had a valid Fifth Amendment privilege notwithstanding the grant of immunity because the state could charge him with perjury if his testimony at Morales’s trial conflicted with what he said at his own trial. The trial court granted the state’s motion. At Morales’s trial, the prosecutor called Vega-Lara and asked a series of questions that presented a detailed narrative of the state’s theory of the case. Vega-Lara responded to everything with some variation of “plead the Fifth”/”refuse to answer.” At some point, the prosecutor began to also ask Vega-Lara about his testimony at his own trial. The Court’s opinion includes an excerpt from the direct examination:
State: Did you — did Angel Morales point the gun at Victor Mesa-Ortiz for the purpose of robbing him?
Vega-Lara: Refuse to answer.
State: Did you previously testify that he pointed the gun at Victor Mesa-Ortiz –
Vega-Lara: Refuse to answer.
State: — for the purpose of robbing him?
Vega-Lara: Refuse to answer.
State: Did Victor Mesa-Ortiz resist when Angel Morales pointed the gun at him and tried to rob him?
Vega-Lara: Refuse to answer.
State: At that point did you enter the — did you previously tell the jury that Victor Mesa-Ortiz started struggling with Angel Morales over the gun?
Vega-Lara: I refuse to answer.
No License for the Unscrupulous
The trial-by-intransigent-witness phenomenon gives rise to a small constellation of issues. The first of these is whether Vega-Lara retained a Fifth Amendment privilege once the trial court granted him use immunity. The operative question is whether use immunity is “coextensive” with the Fifth Amendment. Relying on United States v. Apfelbaum, Morales holds that it is, even though “swearing falsely” under a grant of immunity will expose one to a perjury prosecution, whereas clamming up and invoking the Fifth would forestall that hazard. The coextensivity analysis focuses on the the Fifth Amendment’s “protections” (against compulsory self-incrimination) as opposed to its “benefits” (remaining silent). You have a constitutional right not to incriminate yourself; you don’t have a constitutional right to lie. A “grant of immunity may be a constitutionally adequate response to invocation of the privilege without perfectly replicating the effect of total silence.” The Court’s holding is in line with the great weight of authority on this issue; still, the reasoning feels forced and sophistic. Denying a Fifth Amendment privilege to an individual with use immunity may have less to do with coextensivity than with prophylacticity. The courts are not about to apply the Fifth Amendment so as to give the unscrupulous a license to lie under oath.
Error of the Second Variety
The Court turns next to the question whether State v. Mitchell applies in a case in which a witness asserts an invalid privilege. Mitchell holds that it can constitute prejudicial misconduct when the state calls and/or questions a witness who refuses to testify. The harm, in the words of Learned Hand, is that “[w]hen a witness claims his privilege, a natural, indeed an almost inevitable, inference arises as to what would have been his answer if he had not refused.” That inference, unlikely to be a flattering one, is liable to rebound from witness to defendant. The Morales Court clarifies that Mitchell applies even when the witness claims an invalid privilege since a defendant may be as wronged by that individual as by the one whose claim of privilege is well-founded.
Mitchell holds that there are two kinds of prosecutorial conduct that can give rise to reversible error. Under the “bad faith” theory, reversible error results, regardless of actual prejudice, “where the prosecution calls a witness for the purpose of prejudicing the defendant in the minds of the jury, knowing that the witness will claim immunity.” Under the “unfair prejudice” theory, reversible error results if the state calls a witness in good faith and the state’s examination so prejudices the defendant that he is denied a fair trial.
Morales involves error of the second variety. The Court holds that the state did not call Vega-Lara in bad faith, though the prosecutor knew “with a high degree of certainty” that Vega-Lara would refuse to testify, because (1) the trial court had previously ordered Vega-Lara to testify, (2) the state believed Vega-Lara’s claim of privilege was specious, and (3) the state could, theoretically, have called Vega-Lara to facilitate the trial court’s holding him in contempt upon his expected refusal (“[w]e acknowledge,” says the Court gamely, “that the State gave no indication that it wanted the district court to hold Vega-Lara in contempt, nor did it make such a request”).
Under the “unfair prejudice” prong, the focus is on the substance and manner of the state’s examination, rather than on the decision to call the witness in the first place. Mitchell prescribes as the relevant inquiry whether the prosecutor’s questions were brief, fact-laden, and directed at the substance of the charged offenses. No, yes, and yes, says the Morales Court. “When pieced together, the State’s questions to Vega-Lara at trial provided the only detailed narrative of the crime that was consistent with the State’s theory of the case.” Absent the interrogation of Vega-Lara, the state’s evidence against Morales consisted of little more than that a mysterious man in a hat accompanied Vega-Lara and Solorzano-O’Brien to the brothel the evening that Mesa-Ortiz was killed.
Prior Inconsistent Statements & the Refusing Witness
Chief Justice Gildea is the sole dissenter. The majority’s unfairness finding, she suggests, is itself unfair. “[I]n the face of Vega-Lara’s refusal to testify,” she explains, “the State attempted to lay the foundation for the admission of Vega-Lara’s testimony from his own trial as prior inconsistent statements under Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A).” In order for a statement to be excluded from the definition of hearsay under Rule 801(d)(1)(A), the declarant must testify at the trial or hearing and be “subject to cross-examination concerning the statement.” Until now, it has been an open question in Minnesota whether the “subject to cross-examination” criterion is met when a witness refuses to testify under a claim of privilege. Chief Justice Gildea does not reach this issue; she finds instead that Vega-Lara was subject to cross because he answered in the affirmative to one of the six questions put to him by Morales’s counsel, namely: “Did you testify that you had not intended to kill [Mesa-Ortiz]?” The Chief Justice concludes that Vega-Lara was “subject to cross-examination on the critical issue of intent.” The prosecutor’s effort to admit Vega-Lara’s statements was “allowable under the Minnesota Rules of Evidence and was made necessary by Vega-Lara’s invocation of a nonexistent privilege.” There was, she concludes, no unfair prejudice.
As concerns Chief Justice Gildea’s argument that the prosecutor’s examination was “allowable” the rules of evidence, the Court replies that, even if it was (see infra), the Mitchell standard is whether the state’s questioning was brief, fact-laden and directed at the substance of the charges, not whether the examination might have some other basis in the rules of evidence. Even efforts legitimately grounded in the rules can run afoul of Mitchell’s manner and substance strictures. Infra: In a later section of its opinion, the Court completes the kibosh on “allowable”. It holds that Vega-Lara’s statements were not admissible as substantive evidence under Rule 801(d)(1)(A). The prior inconsistent statement rule requires that a witness “be testable about the statement, meaning that he must be reasonably responsive to questions on the circumstances in which he made it.” The Court is not as impressed as the Chief Justice with Vega-Lara’s affirmative response to one out of six cross examination questions. On the whole, says the Court, Vega-Lara refused to answer the defense lawyer’s questions about his prior testimony, including whether Vega-Lara earlier lied about Morales’s role in order to shift blame away from himself. The Court holds that Vega-Lara was not “reasonably responsive” to questions that sought to probe the circumstances surrounding the prior statements. We now have an answer to the open question: a witness is not “subject to cross-examination” for purposes of the prior inconsistent statement rule when the witness refuses to testify under a claim of privilege.
RECENT OPINION: STATE V. ANDERSON, October 14, 2010
Posing as “Amy”, creepy Michael John Anderson lured Katherine Olson to his house with a phony Craig’s list ad for a babysitter, then shot and killed her. The reason, Anderson confessed later, was that he wanted to know what it felt like to kill. At oral argument, Anderson’s counsel insisted to a befuddled Court that premeditation can only take place after someone has made up his mind to commit murder. Meanwhile, the state’s attorney touted the liberality of the M’Naghton standard. Everything about this case has seemed off-kilter and wrong somehow, like a poorly dubbed late night diva. It is a hard case if ever there was one. The good news, I suppose, is that the decision in State v. Anderson breaks no new ground; it may even suggest a way forward on the vexing distinction between intentional and premeditated murder. But it adds to the accretion of unhelpful case law that covers Minnesota’s mental illness defense.
There are two types of people in the world
After he was charged for Olson’s murder, Anderson was diagnosed with Asperger’s disorder. The DSM describes Asperger’s as a form of autism that is characterized by “severe and sustained impairment in social interaction . . . and the development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities.” Anderson elected not to assert a mental illness defense — presumably, he was unable to muster a favorable 20.02 opinion — but nonetheless complained on appeal that he should have been permitted at trial to present psychiatric testimony about his Asperger’s disorder.
Anderson made three arguments. First, he contended that the jury needed information about his Asperger’s to make sense of his “physical . . . condition,” including his odd mannerisms, lack of coordination [oops! the gun went off], and inability to show remorse. The Court does not dismiss out-of-hand that expert evidence of mental illness might be admissible in some theoretical case to show one or more of these things, but Anderson’s offer of proof came up short. Anderson next presented a diminished capacity argument, albeit in disguise. He argued that “he does not have normal brain function, and by excluding psychiatric testimony, the jurors inferred intent and premeditation based on an irrebuttable presumption that his brain was normal.” Minnesota criminal defense lawyers have been hurling themselves against this rock (or one like it) for years now, to no avail. The Court cites the usual suspects — Bouwman, Provost, Brom — in support of its rule barring psychiatric opinion testimony from the guilt phase of a criminal trial. Finally, Anderson argued that the evidence should have come in under one of the so-called “Provost exceptions” to the above rule. I would spend more time talking about the Provost exceptions if only they were ever used. They have never been overruled, but they have been not-applied to the point of extinction. Needless to say, they were not applied to Mr. Anderson.
Though Anderson’s is not a particularly strong mental illness case, the Court’s attitude is telling nonetheless. The Anderson Court quotes Bouwman as follows: “The law recognizes no degree of sanity. Applying socially and morally acceptable standards a line has been drawn — on one side are the legally sane, on the other side are the legally insane.” Our contemporary Court has left off acknowledging what the Bouwman Court felt impelled to add, that categorical legal constructs of sanity have a fundamentally flawed relationship to psychiatric reality. The 1982 Bouwman Court quoted the 1945 D.C. Circuit: “[T]o the psychiatrist mental cases are a series of imperceptible gradations from the mild psychopath to the extreme psychotic, whereas criminal law allows for no gradations.” The Provost Court tried to negotiate the discrepancy between legal construct and psychiatric reality with its exceptions, now dormant. Such subtlety as once existed in the case law is gone.
How many inklings can dance on the head of a pin?
The Court has not, however, left off wrestling with the line between intentional and premeditated murder. CRIMJIG 11.02 says that “premeditation” means that a defendant “considered, planned, prepared for, or determined” to commit the act before he actually did so. The instruction continues: “It is not necessary that premeditation exist for any specific length of time.” Citing Minnesota case law, Anderson asked for a special instruction specifying that some “appreciable time” must pass between the contemplation and commission of the murder. The trial court gave the pattern instruction, and declined to add the language of Anderson’s proposed instruction. During deliberation, the jury send back a note asking whether “considered, planned, prepared for, or determined” all “have to be true to determine premeditation or can one of these items determine it? For example, if the defendant ‘considered’ committing the act is this considered premeditation?” What quantum of forethought converts idea into premeditation?
Justice Dietzen and the majority adjudged the pattern instruction adequate. Joined by Justice Page, Justice Paul Anderson concurred to express his reservations. “The more I have contemplated the wording of CRIMJIG 11.02, the more concerned I have become that even though the instruction may be an accurate statement of the law, it may also be misleading and confusing[.]“ The problem, he writes, is the word “any” in “any specific length of time.” It means something, as in: Have you any money? But it can also mean nothing: She did not know any member who was at the event. It is indeterminate. “Any” also gives trouble, argues Justice Anderson, when measured against the case law requirement of “appreciable time.” He concludes with a “strong[ ] recommend[ation]” that the Committee on Criminal Jury Instruction guides of the Minnesota District Judges Association revise this instruction.”
RECENT OPINION: STATE V. HULL, September 9, 2010
In the period leading up to the Court’s decision in State v. Hull, the forensic science issues – challenges to the reliability of fingerprint and handwriting analysis; the background rumbling of the National Academy of Science’s seismic forensic science report — attracted plenty of notice, including mine. But in the end, State v. Hull makes mainly a great whooshing sound, as the Court’s opinion lets most of the air out of the case. The facts of Hull are gruesome and chilling — not necessarily the best carrot with which to entice the Court out onto the law’s ledge. Still, Hull leaves room for future Frye I challenges to fingerprint and handwriting evidence, and it exposes some interesting crevices in confrontation doctrine.
Real Life Noir
Justice Paul Anderson’s majority opinion spends 13 pages describing the facts, which have a made-for-tv feel. Jeremy Hull killed Lewis Wilczek, burned and buried Wilczek’s body and stole the dead man’s identity. Hull worked out the details of the crime in advance in a writing that came to be known as “the plan.” The defense moved before trial for a Frye-Mack hearing on the state’s fingerprint and handwriting evidence. The trial court denied the request for a prong one or Frye or general acceptance hearing; however, the evidence on prong two, the Mack or foundational reliability hearing, was capacious–the testimony took up three days. The trial court ruled against the defense on prong two, and at trial, the state’s experts identified the fingerprints and handwriting on “the plan” (and other objects) as Hull’s.
After Hull was convicted, the National Academy of Sciences issued its landmark report on forensic science. The parties in Hull agreed that the Court could take note of the report in its consideration of the case. The NAS report raised similar criticisms of forensic fingerprint analysis and document analysis as had been raised by the defense at the Mack hearing: lack of sufficient validation studies, examiner bias, scientifically unsubstantiated claims of individualization.
The evidence at trial also included testimony about certain of Wilczek’s statements. One was a statement that Wilczek made the day he went missing. He told a friend that he had plans to meet Hull, and if the friend did not hear from Wilczek by a certain time, then something had gone wrong and the friend should call 911. The second statement involved Wilczek’s report to the police, some months prior to his death, regarding a theft from his business. On cross examination by Hull’s counsel, the testifying officer conceded that the suspect Wilczek named at the time of the theft was someone other than Hull. On re-direct, the prosecutor asked the officer if Wilczek had mentioned Hull’s name as well. The officer agreed that Hull’s name had “come up.”
Hull Freezes Over
The majority concludes that dark, creepy facts trump shaky science. The Court declines to say whether the trial court blundered in denying Hull a prong one hearing because any error in admitting the forensic evidence was miniscule when measured against the mountain of other evidence damning to Hull. The part of the majority’s Hull analysis that is likely to continue reverberating is tucked away in footnote 3:
“We agree with the position taken by Justice Meyer in her concurrence that ‘lengthy use of a method by law enforcement, and even lengthy unquestioning acceptance by courts, does not [by itself] exempt expert evidence from scrutiny under the first prong of Frye-Mack,’ but we need not decide the issue of whether the district court erred, because, as explained below, any such error was harmless.“
At the oral arguments in Hull, the state asked the Court to adopt a rule that only novel, or new, scientific techniques should be accorded a prong one Frye hearing. The Court’s answer is an unequivocal no. The critics of the ACE-V fingerprint methodology, and every method of handwriting analysis, live to fight another day.
When they pick up the fight, they will doubtless gird themselves with the language of Justice Meyer’s Hull concurrence. Justice Meyer would have reached what she calls the case’s “substantive issue”: whether the trial court erred in denying Hull a full Frye-Mack hearing. She concludes that it did. The evidence that Hull was permitted to present on prong two, writes Justice Meyer, raises “serious doubts” whether ACE-V fingerprint analysis and handwriting analysis can meet prong one’s reliability requirement. She quotes at length, and to devastating effect, from the NAS report, including that body’s lament that courts “appear to be loath to insist on [sound] research as a condition of admitting forensic science evidence in criminal cases, perhaps because to do so would likely demand more by way of validation than the disciplines can presently offer.”
After Hull, no defense lawyer worth his or her salt will fail to request a full-blown Frye-Mack hearing in any case where fingerprint or handwriting evidence is pivotal.
Confrontation Convolutions
The first of the confrontation issues involves Wilczek’s comments to a friend about his plans to meet Hull. The controversy is readily resolved–the statement was not testimonial under Crawford. A parenthetical issue is actually more interesting. At trial, Hull objected on hearsay but not confrontation grounds to the friend’s testimony. Minnesota’s courts have not yet decided whether a hearsay objection is sufficient to preserve a confrontation clause objection on appeal. Hull’s appellate counsel apparently assumed that it was not, and that the standard of review would be plain error — the heightened standard applicable when no objection has been made at trial. Maybe, maybe not, says the Court, but since no one has raised the standard of review on appeal, we will apply plain error analysis. So, practitioners, take note: the ball is still live, but you are well advised to make separate hearsay and confrontation objections.
The second confrontation issue involves the testimony of the police officer who investigated the theft from Wilczek’s business. The State contended that Hull opened the door to the officer’s re-direct testimony by eliciting on cross that Wilczek did not suspect Hull at the time of the theft. The majority pokes holes in this this argument, pointing out that it was the prosecutor who introduced the evidence about the theft report in the first place. Moreover, says Justice Anderson, even if Hull could be said to have opened the door, the Court has not yet decided whether a defendant’s opening the door to a constitutionally inadmissible statement operates to waive his confrontation right. Once again, the Court does not actually get to the issue, since any error in admitting the testimony was insignificant in light of the overwhelming evidence against Hull.
Chief Justice Gildea, joined by Justice Dietzen, writes in concurrence to say that she would have reached this issue. She concludes that Hull opened the door to the evidence that hurt him. Justice Gildea reviews a split in the federal circuits on the question whether a defendant’s opening the door waives his confrontation protection, and declares herself on the side of the circuits which hold that it does. Otherwise, she explains, a defendant could mislead a jury by introducing only parts of an out-of-court statement and employ the confrontation clause to keep the more damaging bits away from the jury.
In Short
So that is State v. Hull, in which many interesting things percolate, and not not much gets decided (unless, of course, you are Mr. Hull). In spite of this, it is likely that we will be talking about Hull footnote 3 for some time to come.
Waiting for Stras
The Court is busy cycling through the criminal cases that were argued before Justice Stras joined the Court. He has yet to cast a vote — a public one, anyway — in a criminal case. We are frozen in a moment in which Justice Stras is still a blank slate, a mystery. And who can resist a mystery?
A Foregone Conclusion?
There was an unmistakable slant to the media coverage that attended Stras’s appointment to the Court in May. Most commentators seemed to believe that they already knew who he was. They predicted that his addition would continue or even hasten the Court’s momentum to the right. These prognostications appeared to have less to do with Stras’s scholarly work than with his resume.
Following law school, Stras clerked for two federal appellate judges. The first was Judge Melvin Brunetti of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, accorded (by his former law clerks, not necessarily an impartial constituency) as a conservative but non-ideological jurist. Following that, Stras clerked for Judge J. Michael Luttig of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Judge Luttig made the White House’s SCOTUS short list twice during the presidency of George W. Bush. He sat on the Fourth Circuit bench for fifteen years. In a recent New York Times article about the ideological polarization of the SCOTUS law clerk corp, Adam Liptak writes that Judge Luttig was widely-known as a “feeder judge.” During his tenure on the federal bench, forty of his law clerks graduated to clerkships at the United States Supreme Court; thirty-three of the forty worked for either Justices Thomas or Scalia. One of them was David Stras.
A Complicated Mentor
Justice Thomas is, famously, conservative – probably the most conservative justice, pronounces Jeffrey Toobin, “since the Four Horsemen, FDR’s nemeses, retired during the New Deal.” Justice Thomas has stated publicly that he has no interest in hiring law clerks who do not share his ideology. “I won’t hire clerks who have profound disagreements with me,” he told an audience at the National Center for Policy Analysis, a conservative think tank. “It’s like trying to train a pig. It wastes your time and aggravates the pig.”
David Stras clerked for Justice Thomas during the 2002-03 term. I found that information here, in a Wikipedia compendium of SCOTUS law clerks. I did not find that information, at least not explicitly, here, on the Minnesota Supreme Court’s own official bio of Justice Stras. It seems a curious omission. Isn’t it a matter of some interest which cases Justice Stras may have worked on during his year at the high court? Is the point of omitting the dates to discourage people from rooting around in SCOTUS’s cases from that period?
It was, in any event, a noteworthy term for Justice Thomas. In Lawrence v. Texas, the Court voted 6-3 to invalidate Texas’ ban on same-sex sodomy. Justice Thomas joined Justices Scalia and Rehnquist in dissent. Also during the 2002-03 term, the Court decided a pair of cases involving the use of racial preferences in admissions at the University of Michigan. The Court upheld the law school’s individually focused policy in Grutter v. Bollinger, and it struck down the undergraduate college’s strictly numerical policy in Gratz v. Bollinger. Justice Thomas voted against the affirmative action plans in both cases. His Grutter dissent is famous primarily because of the Frederick Douglass quotation with which Justice Thomas elects to sum up his cause:
” ‘The American people have always been anxious to know what they shall do with us. . . . I have had but one answer from the beginning. Do nothing with us! Your doing with us has already played the mischief with us. Do nothing with us! If the apples will not remain on the tree of their own strength, if they are worm-eaten at the core, if they are early ripe and disposed to fall, let them fall! . . . And if the negro cannot stand on his own legs, let him fall also. All I ask is, give him a chance to stand on his own legs! Let him alone! ‘ “
Justice Thomas’s Grutter dissent continues, peevishly, “The majority upholds the Law School’s racial discrimination not by interpreting the people’s Constitution, but by responding to a faddish slogan of the cognoscenti.”
I prefer to give Justice Stras the benefit of the doubt, and so choose to imagine him trying to dissuade Justice Thomas from the unfortunate “cognoscenti.” In any event, the new man on the job in our state is Justice Stras, not Justice Thomas. Is it fair to base predictions about an individual’s leanings on the views of his prior employers?
His Own Odd Sensibility
Justice Stras’s own academic writings are amiably esoteric and technocratic. Are senior judges unconstitutional? Should Supreme Court justices ride circuit once again? Is there an algorithm that explains plurality decision making? Was Pierce Butler anything other than entirely forgettable? As a law professor, Stras appeared to be primarily interested in federal courts, both as institutional and economic organisms. Given his scholarly preoccupations, it is something of a surprise that he is drawn to service in the state court system, where even at the supreme court level, judges cannot avoid the commonplace grind of private litigation. In any event, Stras’s scholarship focuses on institutions, rather than on discrete legal concepts or developments. It does not clearly augur who he will become as a justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court.
Of course Justice Stras is going to be conservative. It is possible, however, that his conservatism will bisect things at oblique angles and challenge us with new ways of looking.
